Skin is often reduced to aesthetics, glow, texture, tone. But biologically, skin is one of the most complex and hardworking organs in the human body. It functions continuously, silently, and adaptively, protecting internal systems while responding to environmental change. Unlike…
Disorders of melanin metabolism frequently lead to pigmentation diseases, creating a significant demand for effective whitening agents. While chemical agents like hydroquinone and kojic acid exist, they are often limited by toxicity risks, poor stability, or skin irritation. Consequently, natural…
Mosquito bites are the most prevalent cause of acute itch in humans, triggering immediate reactions like wheals and erythema, followed by delayed pruritic papules. While ammonium hydroxide is a widely used over-the-counter remedy for these symptoms, its application is restricted…
Hair loss is a widespread condition that significantly impacts a patient’s mental well-being and overall quality of life. It is primarily caused by disruptions in the hair follicle cycle, often involving factors such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) signaling, oxidative stress, and…
Oxidative stress in the skin is primarily triggered by external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollutants, and chemicals, as well as internal factors like stress and poor nutrition. These factors lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),…
Environmental pollution, including particulate matter, heavy metals, and ozone, is a primary driver of oxidative stress in the skin, leading to premature aging, chronic inflammation, and various dermatological pathologies. These pollutants generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt the skin’s…
When Skin Feels Different, It Often Is Many people notice that skin behaves differently across the year calmer in some months, more reactive in others. These changes are often blamed on temperature alone, but another environmental factor plays a major biological…
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 85% of adolescents and young adults, often resulting in distressing sequelae such as scarring and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Because the etiology of acne is multifaceted—involving sebum production, follicular colonization by…
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a primary driver of skin photoaging, clinically manifesting as wrinkles, textural deterioration, and a loss of elasticity. This process is characterized by collagen degradation mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the release of…
Skin inflammation, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, remains a significant health burden, as keratinocytes respond to external stressors by releasing excessive pro-inflammatory mediators. While traditional treatments like corticosteroids, antibiotics, and biological drugs such as Dupilumab are used to manage…