Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation disorder that often proves resistant to therapy. It is recognized as one of the most challenging aesthetic defects to treat, characterized by irregular, well-demarcated discoloration spots typically found on the face, which intensify upon exposure…
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by non-scarring hair loss that significantly affects approximately 2% of the global population. The disease imposes a substantial psychosocial burden, often linked to anxiety and depression. Pathogenically, AA is driven…
Winter brings its cozy mornings, layered sweaters, and warm drinks, but for your skin, it’s a season of biological stress. As humidity drops and temperatures swing between cold outdoors and heated indoors, the skin’s barrier works overtime to stay balanced.…
The integrity of the skin’s protective and regulatory barrier function is primarily achieved within the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis. The SC utilizes a “brick-and-mortar” structure where corneocytes (bricks) are embedded in a matrix of highly…
Aging is a complex physiological process driven by diverse causes, frequently categorized into the “programmed theory” (congenital programming by genes) and the “accumulation of damage” to cellular components. Facial skin, in particular, is susceptible to damage, often resulting from UV…
Traditional and modern applications recognize the therapeutic potential of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi), commonly known as the soapnut tree, particularly for skin care and wound treatment. Extracts from the fruit pericarp and seed oil of S. mukorossi have shown promising…
The stratum corneum (SC), the skin’s outermost layer, is vital for maintaining skin barrier function, offering protection against physical and chemical damage and preventing transepidermal water loss. This protective structure is maintained by a layered architecture, where specialized intercellular adhesion…