Skin aging is an inevitable and complex biological process, influenced by both intrinsic factors such as genetics and hormonal changes, and extrinsic factors like chronic sun exposure, pollution, and microbial imbalances. These factors lead to a gradual decline in skin’s…
The skin, as the body’s largest organ, is constantly exposed to environmental stressors, with sunlight being one of the most extensively studied. Sunlight comprises ultraviolet radiation (UVR), visible light, and infrared radiation (IR), each contributing to various effects on skin…
Skin aging is a multifaceted biological process influenced by factors such as ultraviolet (UV) exposure, environmental stressors, and lifestyle choices, leading to visible signs like wrinkles, UV spots, and changes in skin texture. There is a growing demand for effective,…
In the modern era, individuals increasingly seek ways to maintain clear, youthful-looking skin amidst environmental challenges like vehicular emissions, pollutants, and UV radiation. Skin aging is an inevitable process, yet societal emphasis on preserving a youthful appearance significantly impacts psychological…
Unprotected exposure to UV radiation UVA, UVB, and increasingly UVC can damage the skin, accelerating aging and raising cancer risks. The skin microbiome plays a vital role in barrier function, immunity, and inflammation regulation. In this context, probiotics and their…
Skin sensitization, often caused by chemicals like nickel sulfate (NiSO₄), can lead to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)—a condition marked by inflammation and immune activation. Conventional treatments like corticosteroids are effective but come with side effects such as skin thinning and…
Maintaining the skin’s natural pH is critical for preserving epidermal barrier function and preventing irritation, dryness, and sensitivity. The outermost layer of skin—the stratum corneum—functions optimally in a slightly acidic environment (pH 4.5–5.5), which supports antimicrobial defense and skin integrity.…
The cosmetics industry is constantly seeking novel and effective ingredients to meet the increasing consumer demand for youthful and healthy skin. Addressing signs of aging like wrinkles, fine lines, and hyperpigmentation remains a primary focus. Traditional synthetic compounds often raise…
Melanin protects the skin from UV radiation but overproduction can cause hyperpigmentation, often triggered by UV-induced melanogenesis. This process begins when keratinocytes release α-MSH, which binds to MC1R on melanocytes, activating cAMP and MAPK pathways that boost melanin synthesis. Marine-derived…
Maintaining microbial quality in cosmetic products is essential to protect consumer health. Water-rich formulations are especially susceptible to contamination by microbes like Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus that can become pathogenic, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Contamination not only affects product…